TY - JOUR
T1 - Vitamin D, Calcium Supplements, and Implications for Cardiovascular Health
T2 - JACC Focus Seminar
AU - Michos, Erin D.
AU - Cainzos-Achirica, Miguel
AU - Heravi, Amir S.
AU - Appel, Lawrence J.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 American College of Cardiology Foundation
PY - 2021/2/2
Y1 - 2021/2/2
N2 - Vitamin D and calcium supplements are commonly used, often together, to optimize bone health. Multiple observational studies have linked low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with increased cardiovascular risk. However, subsequent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) failed to demonstrate cardiovascular benefit with vitamin D supplementation. Although vitamin D supplements do not appear to be harmful for cardiovascular health, the lack of benefit in RCTs should discourage their use for this purpose, favoring optimizing vitamin D status through healthy lifestyles such as specific foods and modest sunlight exposure. Furthermore, some (but not all) observational and RCT studies of calcium supplementation have suggested potential for cardiovascular harm. Therefore, calcium supplementation should be used cautiously, striving for recommended intake of calcium predominantly from food sources. In this review, the authors examine the currently available evidence investigating whether vitamin D and calcium supplements are helpful, harmful, or neutral for cardiovascular health.
AB - Vitamin D and calcium supplements are commonly used, often together, to optimize bone health. Multiple observational studies have linked low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with increased cardiovascular risk. However, subsequent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) failed to demonstrate cardiovascular benefit with vitamin D supplementation. Although vitamin D supplements do not appear to be harmful for cardiovascular health, the lack of benefit in RCTs should discourage their use for this purpose, favoring optimizing vitamin D status through healthy lifestyles such as specific foods and modest sunlight exposure. Furthermore, some (but not all) observational and RCT studies of calcium supplementation have suggested potential for cardiovascular harm. Therefore, calcium supplementation should be used cautiously, striving for recommended intake of calcium predominantly from food sources. In this review, the authors examine the currently available evidence investigating whether vitamin D and calcium supplements are helpful, harmful, or neutral for cardiovascular health.
KW - calcium
KW - cardiovascular disease
KW - prevention
KW - randomized trials
KW - supplements
KW - vitamin D
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.617
DO - 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.617
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33509400
AN - SCOPUS:85100062439
SN - 0735-1097
VL - 77
SP - 437
EP - 449
JO - Journal of the American College of Cardiology
JF - Journal of the American College of Cardiology
IS - 4
ER -