TY - JOUR
T1 - Value of CACS compared with ETT and myocardial perfusion imaging for predicting long-term cardiac outcome in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients at low risk for coronary disease
T2 - Clinical implications in a multimodality imaging world
AU - Chang, Su Min
AU - Nabi, Faisal
AU - Xu, Jiaqiong
AU - Pratt, Craig M.
AU - Mahmarian, Angela C.
AU - Frias, Maria E.
AU - Mahmarian, John J.
N1 - Funding Information:
This investigator-initiated study was supported in part by a grant from The Methodist Hospital Foundation , Houston, Texas, whose representatives assisted in the initial data collection. The authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 American College of Cardiology Foundation.
PY - 2015/2/1
Y1 - 2015/2/1
N2 - Objectives This prospective, observational study in 988 asymptomatic or symptomatic low-risk patients without prior coronary artery disease was conducted to define the relative value of coronary artery calcium score (CACS), exercise treadmill testing (ETT), and stress myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) variables in predicting long-term risk stratification. Background CACS, ETT, and stress myocardial perfusion SPECT results predict patients' outcome. There are currently no data comparing their relative value in long-term risk stratification. Methods Patients were stratified by Framingham risk score (FRS), with a median follow-up of 6.9 years. Cardiac events were defined as a composite of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and the need for coronary revascularization. Most patients (87%) were considered appropriate candidates for functional testing as defined by current appropriate use criteria. Results The long-term cardiac event rate was 11.2% (1.6% per year). Multivariate risk predictors in all patients and in the appropriate use cohort were abnormal SPECT (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.83 and 1.99), ETT ischemia (HR: 1.70 and 1.76), decreasing exercise capacity (HR: 1.11 and 1.17), decreasing Duke treadmill score (HR: 1.07 for both), and CACS severity (HR: 1.29 for both), respectively. Throughout the 10-year follow-up, CACS improved risk prediction, with event rates ranging from 0.6% per year (CACS ≤10) to 3.7% per year (CACS >400) (p < 0.0001). CACS also improved risk prediction in all patients, in the appropriate use cohort and among those with low-risk ETT and SPECT results (all, p < 0.001). Area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was increased when CACS variables (from 0.63 to 0.70; p = 0.01) but not ETT variables (from 0.63 to 0.65) were added to FRS. Moreover, net reclassification improvement was significantly increased when CACS was added to FRS + functional variables in all patients and in the appropriate use cohort (both, p < 0.0001). Conclusions CACS significantly improved long-term risk stratification beyond FRS, ETT, and SPECT results across the spectrum of clinical risk and importantly even among those who are currently considered appropriate candidates for functional testing or have low-risk functional test results. Our findings support CACS as a first-line test over ETT or SPECT for accurately assessing long-term risk in such patients.
AB - Objectives This prospective, observational study in 988 asymptomatic or symptomatic low-risk patients without prior coronary artery disease was conducted to define the relative value of coronary artery calcium score (CACS), exercise treadmill testing (ETT), and stress myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) variables in predicting long-term risk stratification. Background CACS, ETT, and stress myocardial perfusion SPECT results predict patients' outcome. There are currently no data comparing their relative value in long-term risk stratification. Methods Patients were stratified by Framingham risk score (FRS), with a median follow-up of 6.9 years. Cardiac events were defined as a composite of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and the need for coronary revascularization. Most patients (87%) were considered appropriate candidates for functional testing as defined by current appropriate use criteria. Results The long-term cardiac event rate was 11.2% (1.6% per year). Multivariate risk predictors in all patients and in the appropriate use cohort were abnormal SPECT (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.83 and 1.99), ETT ischemia (HR: 1.70 and 1.76), decreasing exercise capacity (HR: 1.11 and 1.17), decreasing Duke treadmill score (HR: 1.07 for both), and CACS severity (HR: 1.29 for both), respectively. Throughout the 10-year follow-up, CACS improved risk prediction, with event rates ranging from 0.6% per year (CACS ≤10) to 3.7% per year (CACS >400) (p < 0.0001). CACS also improved risk prediction in all patients, in the appropriate use cohort and among those with low-risk ETT and SPECT results (all, p < 0.001). Area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was increased when CACS variables (from 0.63 to 0.70; p = 0.01) but not ETT variables (from 0.63 to 0.65) were added to FRS. Moreover, net reclassification improvement was significantly increased when CACS was added to FRS + functional variables in all patients and in the appropriate use cohort (both, p < 0.0001). Conclusions CACS significantly improved long-term risk stratification beyond FRS, ETT, and SPECT results across the spectrum of clinical risk and importantly even among those who are currently considered appropriate candidates for functional testing or have low-risk functional test results. Our findings support CACS as a first-line test over ETT or SPECT for accurately assessing long-term risk in such patients.
KW - asymptomatic patients
KW - coronary artery calcium score
KW - exercise treadmill test
KW - risk stratification
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.11.008
DO - 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.11.008
M3 - Article
C2 - 25677886
AN - SCOPUS:84923096234
VL - 8
SP - 134
EP - 144
JO - JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging
JF - JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging
SN - 1936-878X
IS - 2
ER -