TPGS-stabilized NaYbF₄: ER Upconversion nanoparticles for dual-modal fluorescent/CT imaging and anticancer drug delivery to overcome multi-drug resistance

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a major cause of failure in cancer chemotherapy. Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) has been extensively investigated for overcoming MDR in cancer therapy because of its ability to inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp). In this work, TPGS was for the first time used as a new surface modifier to functionalize NaYbF₄:Er upconversion nanoparticles (UNCPs) and endowed the as-prepared products (TPGS-UCNPs) with excellent water-solubility, P-gp inhibition capability and imaging-guided drug delivery property. After the chemotherapeutic drug (doxorubicin, DOX) loading, the as-formed composites (TPGS-UCNPs-DOX) exhibited potent killing ability for DOX-resistant MCF-7 cells. Flow-cytometric assessment and Western blot assay showed that the TPGS-UCNPs could potently decrease the P-gp expression and facilitate the intracellular drug accumulation, thus achieving MDR reversal. Moreover, considering that UCNPs process efficient upconversion emission and Yb element contained in UCNPs has strong X-ray attenuation ability, the as-obtained composite could also serve as a dual-modal probe for upconversion luminescence (UCL) imaging and X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, making them promising for imaging-guided cancer therapy.