Thyroid stimulating hormone increases iodine uptake by thyroid cancer cells during BRAF silencing

Background: The BRAF^V600E mutation is present in 62% of radioactive iodine-resistant thyroid tumors and is associated with downregulation of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHr). We sought to evaluate the combined effect of BRAF inhibition and TSH supplementation on ¹³¹I uptake of BRAF ^V600E-mutant human thyroid cancer cells. Materials and methods: WRO cells (a BRAF^V600E-mutant follicular-derived papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line) were transfected with small interfering RNA targeting BRAF for 72 h in a physiological TSH environment. NIS and TSHr expression were then evaluated at three levels: gene expression, protein levels, and ¹³¹I uptake. These three main outcomes were then reassessed in TSH-depleted media and media supplemented with supratherapeutic concentrations of TSH. Results: NIS gene expression increased 5.5-fold 36 h after transfection (P = 0.01), and TSHr gene expression increased 2.8-fold at 24 h (P = 0.02). NIS and TSHr protein levels were similarly increased 48 and 24 h after transfection, respectively. Seventy-two hours after BRAF inhibition, ¹³¹I uptake was unchanged in TSH-depleted media, increased by 7.5-fold (P < 0.01) in physiological TSH media, and increased by 9.1-fold (P < 0.01) in supratherapeutic TSH media. Conclusions: The combined strategy of BRAF inhibition and TSH supplementation results in greater ¹³¹I uptake than when either technique is used alone. This represents a simple and feasible approach that may improve outcomes in patients with radioactive iodine-resistant thyroid carcinomas for which current treatment algorithms are ineffective.