TY - JOUR
T1 - Recent advances in design and fabrication of upconversion nanoparticles and their safe theranostic applications
AU - Gu, Zhanjun
AU - Yan, Liang
AU - Tian, Gan
AU - Li, Shoujian
AU - Chai, Zhifang
AU - Zhao, Yuliang
PY - 2013/7/26
Y1 - 2013/7/26
N2 - Lanthanide (Ln) doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted enormous attention in the recent years due to their unique upconversion luminescent properties that enable the conversion of low-energy photons (near infrared photons) into high-energy photons (visible to ultraviolet photons) via the multiphoton processes. This feature makes them ideal for bioimaging applications with attractive advantages such as no autofluorescence from biotissues and a large penetration depth. In addition, by incorporating advanced features, such as specific targeting, multimodality imaging and therapeutic delivery, the application of UCNPs has been dramatically expanded. In this review, we first summarize the recent developments in the fabrication strategies of UCNPs with the desired size, enhanced and tunable upconversion luminescence, as well as the combined multifunctionality. We then discuss the chemical methods applied for UCNPs surface functionalization to make these UCNPs biocompatible and water-soluble, and further highlight some representative examples of using UCNPs for in vivo bioimaging, NIR-triggered drug/gene delivery applications and photodynamic therapy. In the perspectives, we discuss the need of systematically nanotoxicology data for rational designs of UCNPs materials, their surface chemistry in safer biomedical applications. The UCNPs can actually provide an ideal multifunctionalized platform for solutions to many key issues in the front of medical sciences such as theranostics, individualized therapeutics, multimodality medicine, etc. This review discusses the recent advances in the fabrication and surface functionalization of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with the desired size, enhanced upconversion luminescence and combined multifunctions, which is to create a powerful theranostic platform of in vivo multicolor/multimodal bioimaging with NIR-triggered drug/gene delivery and photodynamic therapy.
AB - Lanthanide (Ln) doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted enormous attention in the recent years due to their unique upconversion luminescent properties that enable the conversion of low-energy photons (near infrared photons) into high-energy photons (visible to ultraviolet photons) via the multiphoton processes. This feature makes them ideal for bioimaging applications with attractive advantages such as no autofluorescence from biotissues and a large penetration depth. In addition, by incorporating advanced features, such as specific targeting, multimodality imaging and therapeutic delivery, the application of UCNPs has been dramatically expanded. In this review, we first summarize the recent developments in the fabrication strategies of UCNPs with the desired size, enhanced and tunable upconversion luminescence, as well as the combined multifunctionality. We then discuss the chemical methods applied for UCNPs surface functionalization to make these UCNPs biocompatible and water-soluble, and further highlight some representative examples of using UCNPs for in vivo bioimaging, NIR-triggered drug/gene delivery applications and photodynamic therapy. In the perspectives, we discuss the need of systematically nanotoxicology data for rational designs of UCNPs materials, their surface chemistry in safer biomedical applications. The UCNPs can actually provide an ideal multifunctionalized platform for solutions to many key issues in the front of medical sciences such as theranostics, individualized therapeutics, multimodality medicine, etc. This review discusses the recent advances in the fabrication and surface functionalization of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with the desired size, enhanced upconversion luminescence and combined multifunctions, which is to create a powerful theranostic platform of in vivo multicolor/multimodal bioimaging with NIR-triggered drug/gene delivery and photodynamic therapy.
KW - bioimaging
KW - drug delivery
KW - multifunction
KW - nanoprobes
KW - upconversion nanoparticles
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U2 - 10.1002/adma.201301197
DO - 10.1002/adma.201301197
M3 - Article
C2 - 23813588
AN - SCOPUS:84880575472
SN - 0935-9648
VL - 25
SP - 3758
EP - 3779
JO - Advanced Materials
JF - Advanced Materials
IS - 28
ER -