Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Chronic Lung Disease

Patients with Chronic Lung Disease (CLD) are frequently burdened by pulmonary hypertension (PH), which is associated with reduced functional capacity, poor quality of life, increased oxygen requirements, and increased morbidity and mortality. The development of PH associated with chronic lung disease (PH-CLD) is complex and multifactorial and varies between different types of CLD. In this review, we provide an update on PH-CLD, with a particular focus on Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). We discussed epidemiology, histopathology, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment approaches. There are limited data on the use of pulmonary arterial hypertension-specific treatments in PH-CLD, so it has been proposed to phenotype patients based on their degree of pulmonary vascular disease to guide individualized care. The heterogeneity within PH-CLD highlights the importance of identifying novel molecular pathways unique to each subgroup to ultimately achieve precision medicine.