Prostate-specific antigen testing patterns and prostate cancer stage at diagnosis in older Ohio cancer patients

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) screening recommendations do not support prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for older men. Such screening often occurs, however. It is, therefore, important to understand how frequently and among which subgroups screening occurs, and the extent of distant stage PCa diagnoses among screened older men. Methods: Using the 2014–2016 linked Ohio Cancer Incidence Surveillance System (OCISS) and Medicare administrative database, we identified men 68 and older diagnosed with PCa and categorized their PSA testing in the three years preceding diagnosis as screening or diagnostic. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify correlates of screening PSA and to determine whether screening PSA is independently associated with distant stage disease. Results: Our study population included 3034 patients (median age: 73 years). 62.1% of PCa patients underwent at least one screening-based PSA in the three years preceding diagnosis. Older age (75–84 years: aOR [95% CI]: 0.84 [0.71, 0.99], ≥ 85: aOR: 0.27 [0.19, 0.38]), and frailty (aOR: 0.51 [0.37, 0.71]) were associated with lower screening. Screening was associated with decreased odds of distant stage disease (aOR: 0.55 [0.42, 0.71]). However, older age (75–84 years: aOR: 2.43 [1.82, 3.25], ≥ 85: aOR: 10.57 [7.05, 15.85]), frailty (aOR: 5.00 [2.78, 9.31]), and being separated or divorced (aOR: 1.64 [1.01, 2.60]) were associated with increased distant stage PCa. Conclusion: PSA screening in older men is common, though providers appear to curtail PSA screening as age and frailty increase. Screened older men are diagnosed at earlier stages, but the harms of screening cannot be assessed.