Progress, challenges, and future of nanomedicine

Nanotherapeutics exhibit unique advantages in clinical outcomes compared with conventional small molecular drugs. The past three decades have seen intensive research in the field of nanomedicine, leading to a large number of nanomedical products commercialized globally as well as a pipeline of candidates being translated. However, the development of nanomedicine still faces poor efficacy in many applications. The key to advance the field is a deep understanding of the current barriers, addressable challenges, and future demands. Herein, we first present an overview of the more conventional nanotherapeutics that have been widely investigated so far. This is accompanied by a discussion of the next-generation precision and high-efficient nanotherapeutics, exemplified by functional nanodrugs with enhanced passive targeting, active targeting, and stimuli responsiveness. Next, we emphasize the importance of translating nanomedicine research from bench to bed, detailing issues of safety evaluation, biological fate, manufacturing, cost, and regulatory hurdles. Finally, we provide our perspectives on the challenges and opportunities awaiting scientists to advance this exciting field.