NOD2/RIG-I Activating Inarigivir Adjuvant Enhances the Efficacy of BCG Vaccine Against Tuberculosis in Mice

Arshad Khan, Vipul K. Singh, Abhishek Mishra, Emily Soudani, Pearl Bakhru, Christopher R. Singh, Dekai Zhang, David H. Canaday, Anjaneyulu Sheri, Seetharamaiyer Padmanabhan, Sreerupa Challa, Radhakrishnan P. Iyer, Chinnaswamy Jagannath

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

16 Scopus citations

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) kills about 1.5 million people each year and the widely used Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides a partial protection against TB in children and adults. Because BCG vaccine evades lysosomal fusion in antigen presenting cells (APCs), leading to an inefficient production of peptides and antigen presentation required to activate CD4 T cells, we sought to boost its efficacy using novel agonists of RIG-I and NOD2 as adjuvants. We recently reported that the dinucleotide SB 9200 (Inarigivir) derived from our small molecule nucleic acid hybrid (SMNH)® platform, activated RIG-I and NOD2 receptors and exhibited a broad-spectrum antiviral activity against hepatitis B and C, Norovirus, RSV, influenza and parainfluenza. Inarigivir increased the ability of BCG-infected mouse APCs to secrete elevated levels of IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-β, and Caspase-1 dependent IL-1β cytokine. Inarigivir also increased the ability of macrophages to kill MTB in a Caspase-1-, and autophagy-dependent manner. Furthermore, Inarigivir led to a Capsase-1 and NOD2- dependent increase in the ability of BCG-infected APCs to present an Ag85B-p25 epitope to CD4 T cells in vitro. Consistent with an increase in immunogenicity of adjuvant treated APCs, the Inarigivir-BCG vaccine combination induced robust protection against tuberculosis in a mouse model of MTB infection, decreasing the lung burden of MTB by 1-log10 more than that afforded by BCG vaccine alone. The Inarigivir-BCG combination was also more efficacious than a muramyl-dipeptide-BCG vaccine combination against tuberculosis in mice, generating better memory T cell responses supporting its novel adjuvant potential for the BCG vaccine.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number592333
Pages (from-to)3134
Number of pages16
JournalFrontiers in immunology
Volume11
DOIs
StatePublished - Dec 7 2020

Keywords

  • BCG vaccine
  • NOD2
  • RIG-I
  • adjuvants
  • antigen presentation
  • inarigivir
  • inflammasome
  • tuberculosis

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Immunology and Allergy
  • Immunology

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