New Frontiers in Molecular and Imaging Research on Evaluation and Diagnosis of Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Women

Purpose of Review: Diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) often presents a challenge in female patients. Traditional diagnostic elements such as symptom history and urodynamic data are rarely clear cut in women. Therefore, we sought to review the current literature on diagnosis of female BOO, focusing on new frontiers in the realm of molecular markers and imaging modalities. Recent Findings: In addition to fluoroscopy in the setting of videourodynamics, ultrasound and MRI can augment the diagnosis and aid in therapeutic planning in certain etiologies of female BOO. Furthermore, multiple potential biomarkers (i.e., nerve growth factor, prostaglandins, ATP) that have been studied in correlation to BOO in animal models as well as human subjects hold promise for diagnostic applications. Summary: These novel techniques may augment standard clinical and urodynamic evaluation of BOO in females. Future directions include further studies of each of these biomarkers in female patients with BOO compared to normal controls to test their feasibility as potential screening tools.