Neuroinflammation: Unraveling acute and Long COVID symptoms

COVID-19, driven by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is characterized not only by its primary respiratory effects but also by a profound impact on the nervous system, unveiling significant neuroinflammatory implications. The central feature of neuroinflammation in COVID-19 involves activating glial cells and releasing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This complex process has been associated with a broad spectrum of neurological symptoms, ranging from severe encephalitis to seizures and stroke-like presentations. This chapter offers an in-depth exploration of neuroinflammation in COVID-19, spanning acute manifestations, and enduring consequences. During the acute phase of infection, SARS-CoV-2 infiltrates the brain through various pathways, triggering neuroinflammation exacerbated by cytokine storms. Moreover, the concept of “Neuro-Long COVID” or “neurological postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC)” is unveiled, underscoring the persistence of neurological, neurocognitive, or neuropsychiatric symptoms in survivors. This is observed across diverse age groups, encompassing pediatric and adult populations, highlighting the enduring nature of neuro-PASC effects. In conclusion, this chapter presents current treatment strategies for addressing neuroinflammatory conditions in COVID-19 and evaluates existing diagnostic methods. It emphasizes the critical importance of comprehensive post-COVID care. Through this comprehensive exploration, the chapter strives to deepen our understanding of the intricate interplay between COVID-19 and neuroinflammation, ultimately advancing prospects for enhanced diagnosis, treatment, and holistic care for individuals grappling with this multifaceted condition.