Multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms: A primer on mechanisms of resistance and emerging therapies for the non-infectious diseases clinician

The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a leading challenge in the treatment of infections due to Gram-negative organisms. Increasing rates of resistance are commonly seen in healthcare-associated infections, and recently introduced and emerging treatment options require an understanding of the underlying resistance mechanisms for effective use. This review covers the mechanism, identification, and treatment of resistant Gram-negative organisms including extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing, AmpC producing, and carbapenem resistant Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa with difficult-to-treat resistance, and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. It is designed to help the non-infectious diseases clinician to understand the changing landscape in the treatment of drug-resistant infections.