MR imaging of flow through tortuous vessels: A numerical simulation

A novel computer simulation technique is presented that allows the calculation of images from Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) studies of blood flow in realistic curving and branching two‐dimensional vessel geometries. Fluid dynamic calculations provide flow streamlines through curved or branching vessels. MR simulations generate images for specific MR pulse sequence parameters. Simulations of steady flow in carotid bifurcation and carotid siphon geometries as imaged by a standard, flow‐compensated, spoiled gradient echo sequence illustrate the major features seen in clinical time of flight MRA studies. The simulations provide insight into a number of artifacts encountered in MRA such as displacement artifacts, signal pile‐up, truncation artifacts, and intravoxel phase dispersion.