Hydroxamic acid analogue histone deacetylase inhibitors attenuate estrogen receptor-α levels and transcriptional activity: A result of hyperacetylation and inhibition of chaperone function of heat shock protein 90

Purpose: The molecular chaperone heat shock protein (hsp)-90 maintains estrogen receptor (ER)-α in an active conformation, allowing it to bind 17β-estradiol (E₂) and transactivate genes, including progesterone receptor (PR)-β and the class IIB histone deacetylase HDAC6. By inhibiting HDAC6, the hydroxamic acid analogue pan-HDAC inhibitors (HA-HDI; e.g., LAQ824, LBH589, and vorinostat) induce hyperacetylation of the HDAC6 substrates α-tubulin and hsp90. Hyperacetylation of hsp90 inhibits its chaperone function, thereby depleting hsp90 client proteins. Here, we determined the effect of HA-HDIs on the levels and activity of ERα, as well as on the survival of ERα-expressing, estrogen-responsive human breast cancer MCF-7 and BT-474 cells. Experimental Design: Following exposure to HA-HDIs, hsp90 binding, polyubiquitylation levels, and transcriptional activity of ERα, as well as apoptosis and loss of survival, were determined in MCF-7 and BT-474 cells. Results: Treatment with HA-HDI induced hsp90 hyperacetylation, decreased its binding to ERα, and increased polyubiquitylation and depletion of ERα levels. HA-HDI treatment abrogated E₂-induced estrogen response element-luciferase expression and attenuated PRβ and HDAC6 levels. Exposure to HA-HDI also depleted p-Akt, Akt, c-Raf, and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 levels, inhibited growth, and sensitized ERα-positive breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. Conclusions: These findings show that treatment with HA-HDI abrogates ERα levels and activity and could sensitize ERα-positive breast cancers to E₂ depletion or ERα antagonists.