From morphologic to molecular: Established and emerging molecular diagnostics for breast carcinoma

Diagnostics in the field of breast carcinoma are constantly evolving. The recent wave of molecular methodologies, both microscope and non-microscope based, have opened new ways to gain insight into this disease process and have moved clinical diagnostics closer to a 'personalized medicine' approach. In this review we highlight some of the advancements that laboratory medicine technology is making toward guiding the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy selection for patients affected by breast carcinoma. The content of the article is largely structured by methodology, with a distinct emphasis on both microscope based and non-microscope based diagnostic formats. Where possible, we have attempted to emphasize the potential benefits as well as limitations to each of these technologies. Successful molecular diagnostics, applied in concert within the morphologic context of a patient's tumor, are what will lay the foundation for personalized therapy and allow a more sophisticated approach to clinical trial stratification. The future of breast cancer diagnostics looks challenging, but it is also a field of great opportunity. Never before have there been such a plethora of new tools available for disease investigation or candidate therapy selection.