Factors Associated with Abnormal Mammogram Results Among Low-Income Uninsured Populations in Medically Underserved And Rural Texas Regions

Background: This study investigated the potential associations between neighborhood characteristics, rurality, ethnicity/race, and breast cancer screening outcomes in designated Health Professional Shortage Areas in Central Texas. Limited access to preventive medical care can impact screening rates and outcomes. Previous research on the effects of factors such as rurality, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and education level on cancer prevention behaviors has yielded inconsistent results. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from a state-funded breast and cervical cancer screening programs for disadvantaged and medically underserved individuals. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to assess the impact of residency characteristics (rurality, educational attainment, unemployment, and poverty) on abnormal breast cancer screening outcomes, with individual level (age, ethnicity, race, and education) as control variables. Results: During the studied time, there were 1,139 women screened and 134 abnormal mammograms found. Residency characteristics were not significantly associated with abnormal mammography outcomes at 0.05. However, individual factors are strongly associated with abnormal screening results. Non-Hispanic or Latino white women had increased odds of abnormal clinical outcomes compared with Hispanic or Latino women (OR = 2.03, CI 1.25–3.28; p = 0.004). Additionally, women residing in counties with more than 30% of the population completing college had increased odds of abnormal mammogram outcomes compared with counties with less than 15% college attainment (OR = 2.89, CI 0.99–8.38; p = 0.051). Conclusions: This study found a significant correlation between area-level educational characteristics and abnormal mammography outcomes. Future research should explore the contextual risk factors influencing breast cancer occurrence and develop targeted interventions for this population.