Enhanced 8‐node three‐dimensional solid and 4‐node shell elements with incompatible generalized displacements

Enhanced 8-node three-dimensional solid and 4-node shell elements are proposed in the paper. Improvement of the response of the 3-D solid is achieved through additional strains corresponding to generalized displacements incompatible between elements. In the case of the 4-node shell, the membrane behaviour is improved through addition of incompatible membrane strains. Some linear and geometrically non-linear examples demonstrate significant improvements of the elements. Results are compared with solutions obtained with the standard, displacement-based elements and with results available in the literature.