TY - JOUR
T1 - Early trajectories of virological and immunological biomarkers and clinical outcomes in patients admitted to hospital for COVID-19
T2 - an international, prospective cohort study
AU - ACTIV-3/TICO Study Group
AU - Jensen, Tomas O.
AU - Murray, Thomas A.
AU - Grandits, Greg A.
AU - Jain, Mamta K.
AU - Grund, Birgit
AU - Shaw-Saliba, Kathryn
AU - Matthay, Michael A.
AU - Abassi, Mahsa
AU - Ardelt, Magdalena
AU - Baker, Jason V.
AU - Chen, Peter
AU - Dewar, Robin L.
AU - Goodman, Anna L.
AU - Hatlen, Timothy J.
AU - Highbarger, Helene C.
AU - Holodniy, Mark
AU - Lallemand, Perrine
AU - Laverdure, Sylvain
AU - Leshnower, Bradley G.
AU - Looney, David
AU - Moschopoulos, Charalampos D.
AU - Mugerwa, Henry
AU - Murray, Daniel D.
AU - Mylonakis, Eleftherios
AU - Nagy-Agren, Stephanie
AU - Rehman, M. Tauseef
AU - Rupert, Adam
AU - Stevens, Randy
AU - Turville, Stuart
AU - Weintrob, Amy
AU - Wick, Katherine
AU - Lundgren, Jens
AU - Ko, Emily R.
AU - Sahner, David
AU - Tierney, John
AU - Vogel, Susan E.
AU - Herpin, Betsey R.
AU - Smolskis, Mary C.
AU - McKay, Laura A.
AU - Cahill, Kelly
AU - Crew, Page
AU - Sardana, Ratna
AU - Raim, Sharon Segal
AU - Hensely, Lisa
AU - Lorenzo, Johsua
AU - Mock, Rebecca
AU - Zuckerman, Judith
AU - Atri, Negin
AU - Miller, Mark
AU - Vallee, David
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Author(s)
PY - 2024/6
Y1 - 2024/6
N2 - Background: Serial measurement of virological and immunological biomarkers in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 can give valuable insight into the pathogenic roles of viral replication and immune dysregulation. We aimed to characterise biomarker trajectories and their associations with clinical outcomes. Methods: In this international, prospective cohort study, patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and enrolled in the Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 platform trial within the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines programme between Aug 5, 2020 and Sept 30, 2021 were included. Participants were included from 108 sites in Denmark, Greece, Poland, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Uganda, the UK, and the USA, and randomised to placebo or one of four neutralising monoclonal antibodies: bamlanivimab (Aug 5 to Oct 13, 2020), sotrovimab (Dec 16, 2020, to March 1, 2021), amubarvimab-romlusevimab (Dec 16, 2020, to March 1, 2021), and tixagevimab-cilgavimab (Feb 10 to Sept 30, 2021). This trial included an analysis of 2149 participants with plasma nucleocapsid antigen, anti-nucleocapsid antibody, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, and D-dimer measured at baseline and day 1, day 3, and day 5 of enrolment. Day-90 follow-up status was available for 1790 participants. Biomarker trajectories were evaluated for associations with baseline characteristics, a 7-day pulmonary ordinal outcome, 90-day mortality, and 90-day rate of sustained recovery. Findings: The study included 2149 participants. Participant median age was 57 years (IQR 46–68), 1246 (58·0%) of 2149 participants were male and 903 (42·0%) were female; 1792 (83·4%) had at least one comorbidity, and 1764 (82·1%) were unvaccinated. Mortality to day 90 was 172 (8·0%) of 2149 and 189 (8·8%) participants had sustained recovery. A pattern of less favourable trajectories of low anti-nucleocapsid antibody, high plasma nucleocapsid antigen, and high inflammatory markers over the first 5 days was observed for high-risk baseline clinical characteristics or factors related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. For example, participants with chronic kidney disease demonstrated plasma nucleocapsid antigen 424% higher (95% CI 319–559), CRP 174% higher (150–202), IL-6 173% higher (144–208), D-dimer 149% higher (134–165), and anti-nucleocapsid antibody 39% lower (60–18) to day 5 than those without chronic kidney disease. Participants in the highest quartile for plasma nucleocapsid antigen, CRP, and IL-6 at baseline and day 5 had worse clinical outcomes, including 90-day all-cause mortality (plasma nucleocapsid antigen hazard ratio (HR) 4·50 (95% CI 3·29–6·15), CRP HR 3·37 (2·30–4·94), and IL-6 HR 5·67 (4·12–7·80). This risk persisted for plasma nucleocapsid antigen and CRP after adjustment for baseline biomarker values and other baseline factors. Interpretation: Patients admitted to hospital with less favourable 5-day biomarker trajectories had worse prognosis, suggesting that persistent viral burden might drive inflammation in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, identifying patients that might benefit from escalation of antiviral or anti-inflammatory treatment. Funding: US National Institutes of Health.
AB - Background: Serial measurement of virological and immunological biomarkers in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 can give valuable insight into the pathogenic roles of viral replication and immune dysregulation. We aimed to characterise biomarker trajectories and their associations with clinical outcomes. Methods: In this international, prospective cohort study, patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and enrolled in the Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 platform trial within the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines programme between Aug 5, 2020 and Sept 30, 2021 were included. Participants were included from 108 sites in Denmark, Greece, Poland, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Uganda, the UK, and the USA, and randomised to placebo or one of four neutralising monoclonal antibodies: bamlanivimab (Aug 5 to Oct 13, 2020), sotrovimab (Dec 16, 2020, to March 1, 2021), amubarvimab-romlusevimab (Dec 16, 2020, to March 1, 2021), and tixagevimab-cilgavimab (Feb 10 to Sept 30, 2021). This trial included an analysis of 2149 participants with plasma nucleocapsid antigen, anti-nucleocapsid antibody, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, and D-dimer measured at baseline and day 1, day 3, and day 5 of enrolment. Day-90 follow-up status was available for 1790 participants. Biomarker trajectories were evaluated for associations with baseline characteristics, a 7-day pulmonary ordinal outcome, 90-day mortality, and 90-day rate of sustained recovery. Findings: The study included 2149 participants. Participant median age was 57 years (IQR 46–68), 1246 (58·0%) of 2149 participants were male and 903 (42·0%) were female; 1792 (83·4%) had at least one comorbidity, and 1764 (82·1%) were unvaccinated. Mortality to day 90 was 172 (8·0%) of 2149 and 189 (8·8%) participants had sustained recovery. A pattern of less favourable trajectories of low anti-nucleocapsid antibody, high plasma nucleocapsid antigen, and high inflammatory markers over the first 5 days was observed for high-risk baseline clinical characteristics or factors related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. For example, participants with chronic kidney disease demonstrated plasma nucleocapsid antigen 424% higher (95% CI 319–559), CRP 174% higher (150–202), IL-6 173% higher (144–208), D-dimer 149% higher (134–165), and anti-nucleocapsid antibody 39% lower (60–18) to day 5 than those without chronic kidney disease. Participants in the highest quartile for plasma nucleocapsid antigen, CRP, and IL-6 at baseline and day 5 had worse clinical outcomes, including 90-day all-cause mortality (plasma nucleocapsid antigen hazard ratio (HR) 4·50 (95% CI 3·29–6·15), CRP HR 3·37 (2·30–4·94), and IL-6 HR 5·67 (4·12–7·80). This risk persisted for plasma nucleocapsid antigen and CRP after adjustment for baseline biomarker values and other baseline factors. Interpretation: Patients admitted to hospital with less favourable 5-day biomarker trajectories had worse prognosis, suggesting that persistent viral burden might drive inflammation in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, identifying patients that might benefit from escalation of antiviral or anti-inflammatory treatment. Funding: US National Institutes of Health.
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U2 - 10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00015-6
DO - 10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00015-6
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85194489131
SN - 2666-5247
VL - 5
SP - e559-e569
JO - The Lancet Microbe
JF - The Lancet Microbe
IS - 6
ER -