Dietary nonprotein calories and cerebral infarction size in rats

Background and Purpose: Conventional diets may cause hyperglycemia in patients with neurological injuries. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect on the severity of cerebral infarction of replacing carbohydrates as the primary dietary source of nonprotein calories. Methods: Sixty-nine Long-Evans rats were either fasted for 24 hours, fed isocaloric amounts of a control diet containing 51.5% of the calories as carbohydrates, or fed one of five experimental diets before middle cerebral artery occlusion for 45 minutes. In the experimental diets, 60% of the carbohydrate calories were replaced with one or more of the following substrates: 1,3-butanediol, triacetin, tributyrin, and long- and medium-chain triglycerides. Results: The plasma glucose concentration in the fasted animals was 6.4 ±1.1 μmol/ml. In the animals receiving the control diet, which contained the greatest number of carbohydrate calories, plasma glucose was 9.1±1.4 μmol/ml. The 1,3-butanediol diet resulted in an intermediate plasma glucose concentration averaging 7.8±1.3 μmol/ml. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate levels were elevated in the fasted group and with the 1,3-butanediol diet. Plasma acetate levels were increased with the diets supplemented with triacetin. The smallest infarct volume (53±43 mm³) was found in the fasted group and the largest (162±56 mm³) in the control diet group. Infarct volumes that were significantly smaller were found with the 1,3-butanediol diet (98±41 mm³) and with the triacetin/tributyrin diet (105±53 mm³). The volume of the infarct was directly related to the plasma glucose concentration before ischemia (n=69, r=0.47, p<0.01), but not to plasma Iactate, ketone body, or acetate levels. Conclusions: It may be possible to develop a diet for patients with neurological injuries using noncarbohydrate calorie sources, such as 1,3-butanediol, triacetin, or tributyrin, that would supply systemic caloric and protein requirements without the adverse effect of conventional diets.