Diabetes-related hospital mortality in the U.S. A pooled cross-sectional study of the National Inpatient Sample

Aims: Despite advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes in the U.S., place-based disparities still exist. The purpose of this study is to determine place-based and other individual-level variations in diabetes-related hospital deaths. Methods: A pooled cross-sectional study of the 2009–2015 National Inpatient Sample was conducted to examine the odds of a diabetes-related hospital death. The main predictors were rurality and census region. Individual-level socio-demographic factors were also examined. Results: Approximately 1.5% (n = 147,069) of diabetes-related hospitalizations resulted in death. In multivariable analysis, the odds of diabetes-related hospital deaths increased across the urban-rural continuum, except for large fringe metropolitan areas, with the highest odds of such deaths occurring among residents of micropolitan (OR = 1.16, 95% C.I. = 1.14, 1.18) and noncore areas (OR = 1.21, 95% C.I. = 1.19, 1.24). Compared to residents of the Northeast, residents in the South, West and Midwest regions were significantly more likely to experience a diabetes-related hospital death. Asian or Pacific Islanders, Medicaid-covered patients and the uninsured were also more likely to die during a diabetes-related hospitalization. Conclusions: Place-based disparities in diabetes-related hospital deaths exist. Targeted focus should be placed on the control of diabetic complications in the South, West and Midwest census regions, and among rural residents.