TY - JOUR
T1 - Development of forward models for hand localization and movement control in 6- to 10-year-old children
AU - Contreras-Vidal, José L.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by the University of Maryland’s BIOMAP Program. I thank Ms. Jennifer Monteiro and Sumaira Ali for assisting in the testing phases of this study. The author thanks F. Kagerer and two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments during the preparation of this manuscript. Funding from NIH RO1 HD42527 is gratefully acknowledged.
PY - 2006/10
Y1 - 2006/10
N2 - An active kinesthetic-to-visual matching task was performed by 15 children aged 5-10 years and five young adults. The task required the participants to locate the target visually while performing center-out drawing movements to the located visual targets in the absence of visual feedback of hand/pen motion. Movement time (MT), terminal end-point position error (EPE), and initial directional error (IDE) were measured. The general finding is that the end-point error variability, representing the joint localization probability distributions for proprioceptive localization of the hand and visual localization of the target, was largest for the youngest children, but did not differ from one another for the older age groups. The localization distributions, as characterized by principal component analysis, showed that both errors in extent and direction were significantly larger in the youngest children. These error distributions could not be accounted for by initial localization errors prior to movement onset in the children. It is likely that at least some portion of the increased movement variability seen during sensorimotor development in young children can be attributed not only to immature control mechanisms per se, but also to partial, not yet stable, forward representations for hand localization which are used for movement perception, planning, and control.
AB - An active kinesthetic-to-visual matching task was performed by 15 children aged 5-10 years and five young adults. The task required the participants to locate the target visually while performing center-out drawing movements to the located visual targets in the absence of visual feedback of hand/pen motion. Movement time (MT), terminal end-point position error (EPE), and initial directional error (IDE) were measured. The general finding is that the end-point error variability, representing the joint localization probability distributions for proprioceptive localization of the hand and visual localization of the target, was largest for the youngest children, but did not differ from one another for the older age groups. The localization distributions, as characterized by principal component analysis, showed that both errors in extent and direction were significantly larger in the youngest children. These error distributions could not be accounted for by initial localization errors prior to movement onset in the children. It is likely that at least some portion of the increased movement variability seen during sensorimotor development in young children can be attributed not only to immature control mechanisms per se, but also to partial, not yet stable, forward representations for hand localization which are used for movement perception, planning, and control.
KW - Intermodal matching
KW - Internal model
KW - Kinesthesia
KW - Sensorimotor integration
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U2 - 10.1016/j.humov.2006.07.006
DO - 10.1016/j.humov.2006.07.006
M3 - Article
C2 - 17011659
AN - SCOPUS:33749678434
SN - 0167-9457
VL - 25
SP - 634
EP - 645
JO - Human Movement Science
JF - Human Movement Science
IS - 4-5
ER -