TY - JOUR
T1 - Cytotoxicity and variant cellular internalization behavior of water-soluble sulfonated nanographene sheets in liver cancer cells
AU - Corr, Stuart J.
AU - Raoof, Mustafa
AU - Cisneros, Brandon T.
AU - Kuznetsov, Oleksandr
AU - Massey, Katheryn
AU - Kaluarachchi, Warna D.
AU - Cheney, Matthew A.
AU - Billups, Edward W.
AU - Wilson, Lon J.
AU - Curley, Steven A.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by the NIH (U54CA143837), the NIH M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Support Grants (CA016672), the V Foundation (SAC), The Welch Foundation (C-0627, LJW; C-0490, WEB), and an unrestricted research grant from the Kanzius Research Foundation (SAC, Erie, PA, USA). We thank Kristine Ash from the Department of Surgical Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center for the administrative assistance, Kenneth Dunner, Jr. of The High Resolution Electron Microscopy Facility at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (NCI Core grant CA16672) for providing TEM imaging services, and Jared Burks of the Cytometry and Cellular Imaging Core Facility (NIH MDACC support grant CA016672) for providing invaluable assistance with real-time optical imaging.
PY - 2013
Y1 - 2013
N2 - Highly exfoliated sulfonated graphene sheets (SGSs), an alternative to graphene oxide and graphene derivatives, were synthesized, characterized, and applied to liver cancer cells in vitro. Cytotoxicity profiles were obtained using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, WST-1[2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2, 4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, and lactate dehydrogenase release colorimetric assays. These particles were found to be non-toxic across the concentration range of 0.1 to 10 μg/ml. Internalization of SGSs was also studied by means of optical and electron microscopy. Although not conclusive, high-resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed variant internalization behaviors where some of the SGS became folded and compartmentalized into tight bundles within cellular organelles. The ability for liver cancer cells to internalize, fold, and compartmentalize graphene structures is a phenomenon not previously documented for graphene cell biology and should be further investigated.
AB - Highly exfoliated sulfonated graphene sheets (SGSs), an alternative to graphene oxide and graphene derivatives, were synthesized, characterized, and applied to liver cancer cells in vitro. Cytotoxicity profiles were obtained using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, WST-1[2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2, 4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, and lactate dehydrogenase release colorimetric assays. These particles were found to be non-toxic across the concentration range of 0.1 to 10 μg/ml. Internalization of SGSs was also studied by means of optical and electron microscopy. Although not conclusive, high-resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed variant internalization behaviors where some of the SGS became folded and compartmentalized into tight bundles within cellular organelles. The ability for liver cancer cells to internalize, fold, and compartmentalize graphene structures is a phenomenon not previously documented for graphene cell biology and should be further investigated.
KW - Cancer cells
KW - Cytotoxicity
KW - Sulfonated graphene sheets
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U2 - 10.1186/1556-276X-8-208
DO - 10.1186/1556-276X-8-208
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84878748797
VL - 8
SP - 1
EP - 10
JO - Nanoscale Research Letters
JF - Nanoscale Research Letters
SN - 1931-7573
IS - 1
M1 - 208
ER -