@article{7b616b76aba040dd948c39e36f09b6d3,
title = "Correction of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease by gene therapy, augmented by insertional activation of MDS1-EVI1, PRDM16 or SETBP1",
abstract = "Gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells has been used successfully for correcting lymphoid but not myeloid immunodeficiencies. Here we report on two adults who received gene therapy after nonmyeloablative bone marrow conditioning for the treatment of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD), a primary immunodeficiency caused by a defect in the oxidative antimicrobial activity of phagocytes resulting from mutations in gp91phox. We detected substantial gene transfer in both individuals' neutrophils that lead to a large number of functionally corrected phagocytes and notable clinical improvement. Large-scale retroviral integration site-distribution analysis showed activating insertions in MDS1-EVI1, PRDM16 or SETBP1 that had influenced regulation of long-term hematopoiesis by expanding gene-corrected myelopoiesis three- to four-fold in both individuals. Although insertional influences have probably reinforced the therapeutic efficacy in this trial, our results suggest that gene therapy in combination with bone marrow conditioning can be successfully used to treat inherited diseases affecting the myeloid compartment such as CGD.",
author = "Ott, {Marion G.} and Manfred Schmidt and Kerstin Schwarzwaelder and Stefan Stein and Ulrich Siler and Ulrike Koehl and Hanno Glimm and Klaus K{\"u}hlcke and Andrea Schilz and Hana Kunkel and Sonja Naundorf and Andrea Brinkmann and Annette Deichmann and Marlene Fischer and Claudia Ball and Ingo Pilz and Cynthia Dunbar and Yang Du and Jenkins, {Nancy A.} and Copeland, {Neal G.} and Ursula L{\"u}thi and Moustapha Hassan and Thrasher, {Adrian J.} and Dieter Hoelzer and {Von Kalle}, Christof and Reinhard Seger and Manuel Grez",
note = "Funding Information: We are indebted to families of the subjects for their continuous support and to the medical and nursing staff of the bone marrow transplantation unit of the Department of Hematology at the University Hospital in Frankfurt. We thank E. Karaus, M. Rutishauser and C. Wenk (University Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital, Zurich) for technical assistance with the granulocyte function tests, L. Chen (Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt) for valuable help during monitoring of the subjects, S. Wehner, R. Quaritsch, S. Grohal, R. el Kal{\'a}oui and C. Kramm (University Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital, Frankfurt) for assistance with granulocyte tests and immunophenotyping, and S. Schmidt, S. Fessler, C. Prinz, M. Wissler, S. Braun and R. Cziumplik (University of Freiburg) for technical assistance with the molecular analysis. Special thanks to D. Pfeifer (University Hospital Freiburg) for performing the microarray analysis. We are also grateful to T. B{\"a}chi (Central laboratory for electron microscopy, University of Zurich) for electron microscopic analysis, to H. Steinert (Nuclear Medicine Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland) for PET-CT scans and D. Roos (Sanquin, Department of Experimental Hematology, The Netherlands) for advice with the E. coli killing assays. We also thank C. Baum (Hannover Medical School) and K. Cichutek (Paul-Ehrlich-Institute) for the gift of materials and discussions during this work. RetroNectin (CH-296) was provided by Takara Bio Inc. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (National Research Program on Somatic Gene Therapy NFP 37), by the German Ministry of Education and Research (grants 01GE9634/2 and 01GE9904), by the CGD Research Trust, London (grant J4G/01/01), by the European Union (Sixth Framework Program, CONSERT) and by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants Ka976/5-3 and Ka976/6-2. A.J.T. is supported by the Wellcome Trust. The Georg-Speyer-Haus is supported by the Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Gesundheit and the Hessisches Ministerium f{\"u}r Wissenschaft und Kunst.",
year = "2006",
month = apr,
doi = "10.1038/nm1393",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "12",
pages = "401--409",
journal = "Nature Medicine",
issn = "1078-8956",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "4",
}