Comparative toxicity of nanoparticulate/bulk Yb ₂O ₃ and YbCl ₃ to cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

With the increasing utilization of nanomaterials, there is a growing concern for the potential environmental and health effects of them. To assess the environmental risks of nanomaterials, better knowledge about their fate and toxicity in plants are required. In this work, we compared the phytotoxicity of nanoparticulate Yb ₂O ₃, bulk Yb ₂O ₃, and YbCl ₃·6H ₂O to cucumber plants. The distribution and biotransformation of the three materials in plant roots were investigated in situ by TEM, EDS, as well as synchrotron radiation based methods: STXM and NEXAFS. The decrease of biomass was evident at the lowest concentration (0.32 mg/L) when exposed to nano-Yb ₂O ₃, while at the highest concentration, the most severe inhibition was from YbCl ₃. The inhibition was dependent on the actual amount of toxic Yb uptake by the cucumber plants. In the intercellular regions of the roots, Yb ₂O ₃ particles and YbCl ₃ were all transformed to YbPO ₄. We speculate that the dissolution of Yb ₂O ₃ particles induced by the organic acids exuded from roots played an important role in the phytotoxicity. Only under the nano-Yb ₂O ₃ treatment, YbPO ₄ deposits were found in the cytoplasm of root cells, so the phytotoxicity might also be attributed to the Yb internalized into the cells.