TY - JOUR
T1 - Combating antimicrobial resistance
T2 - Policy recommendations to save lives
AU - Spellberg, Brad
AU - Blaser, Martin
AU - Guidos, Robert J.
AU - Boucher, Helen W.
AU - Bradley, John S.
AU - Eisenstein, Barry I.
AU - Gerding, Dale
AU - Lynfield, Ruth
AU - Reller, L. Barth
AU - Rex, John
AU - Schwartz, David
AU - Septimus, Edward
AU - Tenover, Fred C.
AU - Gilbert, David N.
N1 - Funding Information:
M. B. is on Scientific Advisory Boards for Avidbiotics, Danon, Procter & Gamble, Adamas, Puretech, and has current research support from NIH, Dow Chemical, L’Oreal, Gates Foundation, and the Diane Belfer Program for Human Microbial Ecology. He serves on the Advisory Board for Clinical Research for NIH. R. G. is an IDSA employee.
Funding Information:
a. Collaborative regulatory science efforts should be encouraged and further expanded. One example is the workgroup recently established by the FDA, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and Foundation of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which includes representation from industry, academia, and IDSA. The Reagan-Udall Foundation, a public-private partnership between FDA and industry, presents additional opportunities. These groups should examine surrogate endpoints for antibiotic clinical trials and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters that forecast optimal antibiotic dosing, among other topics. These activities will require additional dedicated funding support from the federal government, industry, and other organizations.
Funding Information:
The European Union (EU) has successfully implemented systems across all 27 member countries to track antimicrobial resistance trends for public health purposes and to collect antimicrobial use data. The European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) [77] and the European Surveillance Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) [78], respectively, are funded by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). No system comparable to EARS-Net and ESAC exists in the United States. Just as in Europe, the capacity to analyze and disseminate such resistance trends and antibiotic use data must become a cornerstone of the US health care system.
Funding Information:
D. Gerding holds patents for the treatment and prevention of Clostridium difficile infection that are licensed to ViroPharma, is a consultant for ViroPharma, Optimer, Cubist, Merck, Pfizer, Hospira, Medicines Co, Astellas and Actelion, and has received research grants from GOJO, Merck, Optimer, Sanofi-Pasteur, Eurofins Medinet and ViroPharma. R. L. has received grant funding through the US CDC. L. B. R. has no conflicts to disclose. J. R. is an employee and shareholder of AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals. D. S. has received grant funding from the US CDC.
Funding Information:
E. S. is employed by Hospital Corporation of America (HCA, Inc.), is on the speaker bureau for Cubicin, Ethicon and Sage, and has received grant funding from AHRQ and CDC.
PY - 2011/5/1
Y1 - 2011/5/1
N2 - Antimicrobial resistance is recognized as one of the greatest threats to human health worldwide [1]. Drugresistant infections take a staggering toll in the United States (US) and across the globe. Just one organism, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), kills more Americans every year (∼19,000) than emphysema, HIV/AIDS, Parkinson's disease, and homicide combined [2]. Almost 2 million Americans per year develop hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), resulting in 99,000 deaths [3], the vast majority of which are due to antibacterial (antibiotic)-resistant pathogens. Indeed, two common HAIs alone (sepsis and pneumonia) killed nearly 50,000 Americans and cost the US health care systemmore than $8 billion in 2006 [4]. In a recent survey, approximately half of patients in more than 1,000 intensive care units in 75 countries suffered from an infection, and infected patients had twice the risk of dying in the hospital as uninfected patients [5]. Based on studies of the costs of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens versus antibiotic-susceptible pathogens [6-8], the annual cost to the US health care system of antibioticresistant infections is $21 billion to $ 34 billion and more than 8 million additional hospital days.
AB - Antimicrobial resistance is recognized as one of the greatest threats to human health worldwide [1]. Drugresistant infections take a staggering toll in the United States (US) and across the globe. Just one organism, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), kills more Americans every year (∼19,000) than emphysema, HIV/AIDS, Parkinson's disease, and homicide combined [2]. Almost 2 million Americans per year develop hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), resulting in 99,000 deaths [3], the vast majority of which are due to antibacterial (antibiotic)-resistant pathogens. Indeed, two common HAIs alone (sepsis and pneumonia) killed nearly 50,000 Americans and cost the US health care systemmore than $8 billion in 2006 [4]. In a recent survey, approximately half of patients in more than 1,000 intensive care units in 75 countries suffered from an infection, and infected patients had twice the risk of dying in the hospital as uninfected patients [5]. Based on studies of the costs of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens versus antibiotic-susceptible pathogens [6-8], the annual cost to the US health care system of antibioticresistant infections is $21 billion to $ 34 billion and more than 8 million additional hospital days.
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U2 - 10.1093/cid/cir153
DO - 10.1093/cid/cir153
M3 - Article
C2 - 21474585
AN - SCOPUS:79953871631
SN - 1058-4838
VL - 52
SP - S397-S428
JO - Clinical Infectious Diseases
JF - Clinical Infectious Diseases
IS - SUPPL. 5
ER -