Cadaveric models for vascular surgery training

Objective: This review aims to provide a methodology for cadaveric model creation and detail various cadaveric models that have been used in vascular surgery education and can be adapted for further use. Methods: The vascular anatomy of the cadavers was first assessed with diagnostic angiography to ensure adequacy for use in creating a cadaveric training model. Pulsatile flow with a motorized pump was established by accessing the left common carotid artery with an open approach for the inflow and accessing the left common femoral artery using a percutaneous approach to establish an outflow. Models for training various common vascular surgery procedures were then created. The residents themselves were involved in the creation of the models to maximize teaching. Results: These models created include an angiogram model, an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm model, a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm model, a Type B aortic dissection model, and a pulmonary embolism model, all with pulsatility that can simulate normal arterial hemodynamics. Angiography, endovascular aneurysm repair, complete proximal balloon control and supraceliac aortic cross-clamping, thoracic endovascular aortic repair, the Provisional Extension to Induce Complete Attachment (PETTICOAT) technique, the Knickerbocker technique, the STABILISE technique, the candy-plug technique, and mechanical thrombectomy in the pulmonary artery were all successfully performed on these models. Conclusions: Cadaveric models have become increasingly important in vascular surgery training, providing realistic environments for procedural practice and team-based learning, with ongoing improvements to enhance their applicability and use. The life-like simulation allows trainees to learn the intricacies of each procedure that may not be thoroughly discussed during real clinical scenarios.