Association between pre-diagnostic serum bile acids and hepatocellular carcinoma: The Singapore Chinese health study

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a commonly diagnosed malignancy with poor progno-sis. Rising incidence of HCC may be due to rising prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, where altered bile acid metabolism may be implicated in HCC development. Thirty-five bile acids were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry assays in pre-diagnostic serum of 100 HCC cases and 100 matched controls from the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess associations for bile acid levels with risk of HCC. Conjugated primary bile acids were significantly elevated whereas the ratios of secondary bile acids over primary bile acids were significantly lower in HCC cases than controls. The respective odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of HCC were 6.09 (1.75–21.21) for highest vs. lowest tertile of cholic acid species and 30.11 (5.88–154.31) for chenodeoxycholic acid species. Doubling ratio of taurine-over glycine-conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid was associated significantly with 40% increased risk of HCC whereas doubling ratio of secondary over primary bile acid species was associated with 30–40% reduced risk of HCC. In conclusion, elevated primary bile acids and taurine over glycine-conjugated ratios were strongly associated with HCC risk whereas the ratios of secondary bile acids over primary bile acids were inversely associated with HCC risk.