Alzheimer disease seen through the lens of sex and gender

Laura Castro-Aldrete; Melanie Einsiedler; Julie Novakova Martinkova; Herman Depypere; Ting Fang Alvin Ang; Michelle M. Mielke; Shireen Sindi; Harris A. Eyre; Rhoda Au; Anne Marie Schumacher Dimech; Anna Dé; Cassandra Szoeke; Maria Carmela Tartaglia; Antonella Santuccione Chadha

doi:10.1038/s41582-025-01071-0

Alzheimer disease seen through the lens of sex and gender

Laura Castro-Aldrete, Melanie Einsiedler, Julie Novakova Martinkova, Herman Depypere, Ting Fang Alvin Ang, Michelle M. Mielke, Shireen Sindi, Harris A. Eyre, Rhoda Au, Anne Marie Schumacher Dimech, Anna Dé, Cassandra Szoeke, Maria Carmela Tartaglia, Antonella Santuccione Chadha

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

16 Scopus citations

Abstract

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a life-limiting neurodegenerative disorder that disproportionately affects women. Indeed, sex and gender are emerging as crucial modifiers of diagnostic and therapeutic pathways in AD. This Review provides an overview of the interactions of sex and gender with important developments in AD and offers insights into priorities for future research to facilitate the development and implementation of personalized approaches in the shifting paradigm of AD care. In particular, this Review focuses on the influence of sex and gender on important advances in the treatment and diagnosis of AD, including disease-modifying therapies, fluid-based biomarkers, cognitive assessment tools and multidomain lifestyle interventional studies.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	e0231848
Pages (from-to)	235-249
Number of pages	15
Journal	Nature Reviews Neurology
Volume	21
Issue number	5
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-025-01071-0
State	Published - May 2025

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Clinical Neurology
Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience

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Castro-Aldrete, L., Einsiedler, M., Novakova Martinkova, J., Depypere, H., Alvin Ang, T. F., Mielke, M. M., Sindi, S., Eyre, H. A., Au, R., Schumacher Dimech, A. M., Dé, A., Szoeke, C., Tartaglia, M. C., & Santuccione Chadha, A. (2025). Alzheimer disease seen through the lens of sex and gender. Nature Reviews Neurology, 21(5), 235-249. Article e0231848. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-025-01071-0

Castro-Aldrete, L, Einsiedler, M, Novakova Martinkova, J, Depypere, H, Alvin Ang, TF, Mielke, MM, Sindi, S, Eyre, HA, Au, R, Schumacher Dimech, AM, Dé, A, Szoeke, C, Tartaglia, MC & Santuccione Chadha, A 2025, 'Alzheimer disease seen through the lens of sex and gender', Nature Reviews Neurology, vol. 21, no. 5, e0231848, pp. 235-249. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-025-01071-0

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abstract = "Alzheimer disease (AD) is a life-limiting neurodegenerative disorder that disproportionately affects women. Indeed, sex and gender are emerging as crucial modifiers of diagnostic and therapeutic pathways in AD. This Review provides an overview of the interactions of sex and gender with important developments in AD and offers insights into priorities for future research to facilitate the development and implementation of personalized approaches in the shifting paradigm of AD care. In particular, this Review focuses on the influence of sex and gender on important advances in the treatment and diagnosis of AD, including disease-modifying therapies, fluid-based biomarkers, cognitive assessment tools and multidomain lifestyle interventional studies.",

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Alzheimer disease seen through the lens of sex and gender

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