Advanced targeted microsphere embolization for arteriovenous malformations: state-of-the-art and future directions

Background: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) present a significant therapeutic challenge, as current treatment modalities frequently fail to achieve complete and rapid obliteration and are associated with substantial morbidity in both the short and long term. This underscores the critical need for innovative therapeutic strategies that enable efficient AVM obliteration while minimizing patient risk. The current review aims to comprehensively assess the role of ATME in AVM management, examining its clinical efficacy, associated risks and benefits, and the economic and ethical implications to provide valuable foundation for future studies and guiding development in treatment strategies for AVMs. Results: Advanced targeted microsphere embolization (ATME) has emerged as a promising therapeutic option, initially developed for the localized treatment of AVMs and unresectable tumors, including liver cancer. By providing targeted delivery, ATME offers potential advantages over conventional approaches in achieving effective local control. Conclusions: ATME are safe and effective for vascular disease and cancer. Although evidence for microspheres in AVMs is scarce, results are promising. Future research could refine eligibility criteria, evaluate treatment techniques, and optimize ATME.